What is 3-axis CNC Machining?
CNC machining is a technology that automatically controls machining tools by using computer programs and codes. When the CNC machine operates, a program written in the computer controls the machine tools to move along the axis according to the imported CAD design drawing. A 3-axis CNC machine performs machining operations by moving its tool or the part along the X, Y, and Z axes. The machining tool can be moved along the horizontal (X-Y) plane and cut into parts to specified depths (Z-axis motion).
Among various configurations, 3-axis CNC machining dominates the market, it is relatively easy to operate and best suited to producing parts with simple structures. This type of machining is ideal for completing many operations such as drilling, threading holes, and cutting key slots.
Components of a 3-Axis CNC Machine
A 3-axis CNC machine consists of many essential parts, which play an important role in their positions and jointly ensure the high precision of 3-axis CNC machining parts. Although there are slight differences, a 3-axis CNC machine mainly includes the following components：
Machine Bed: The machine Bed is the main component of the CNC Machine, acting as a stabilizing base. As the name implies, a 3-axis CNC machine works along 3 different axes: forward/backward, left/right, up/down when the part is at rest. 3-axis machines can only cut one surface at a time, so they are mainly used for two-dimensional machining.
Spindle: The spindle holds the cutting tool and makes rotating. It plays a crucial role in determining the quality of the machining process. higher speed of the spindle, smoother finishes and higher precision.
Control Panel: The control Panel includes a display screen, buttons and switches, which serve as the interface between the operator and the CNC machine. Before the machine works, the operator inputs commands and monitors the machining process when it is working.
Machines Used in 3-Axis Machining
Various types of CNC machines have their different uses in the manufacturing industry, each tailored to specific applications and constraints. Here are some common types of CNC machines:
CNC Milling Machines: CNC milling machines are operational for cutting, drilling and milling, widely used because of their functional diversity.
CNC Machining Centers: CNC machining centers integrate multiple functions into one machine to accomplish a variety of complex tasks.
CNC Lathes: CNC lathes specialize in turning operations which are ideal for producing cylindrical parts.
CNC Routers: CNC routers specialize in cutting and engraving materials like wood, plastic, and aluminum. So these routers are mostly used in industries such as furniture making and sign manufacturing.
CNC Engraving Machines: CNC engraving machines are commonly used in detailed and complicated designs. Engraving tasks require higher precision and accuracy. 3-axis CNC engraving machines are available to engrave patterns, logos, and text onto different materials.
CNC Plasma Cutters: CNC plasma cutters cut through metal with a high-temperature plasma arc. They are suitable for cutting thick and hard materials.
How 3-axis CNC Machining Works
Apart from CAD design and other related works, we summarize the workflow of a 3-axis CNC machine into the following 2 steps:
Tool Path and Programming
The tool path in 3-axis CNC machining is set up before operating. Operators input the program in specialized software to create the commands of tool paths. These commands are then uploaded to the CNC machine’s control panel. The machine will move according to the command to sharpen the workpiece.
Movement Along X, Y, and Z Axes
In 3-axis CNC machining, the workpiece remains stationary while the tool moves along three axes: X, Y, and Z. The X-axis means horizontal direction movement, the Y-axis means vertical direction movement, and the Z-axis means depth.
Advantages of 3-Axis CNC Machining
3-axis CNC machining offers numerous benefits, making it a popular choice for a wide range of industries. Its advantages include efficiency, precision, and versatility.
Precision and Accuracy
3-axis CNC machining has high precision and accuracy. Linear movement ensures that the cutting tool can reach precise positions. So this machine can produce components with tight tolerances. The critical parts of aerospace and medical device manufacturing rely on this precision.
Cost-Effectiveness
The automated process minimizes labor expenses. Manufacturers can achieve high-quality results without increasing significant costs.
Versatility
The functional versatility of 3-axis CNC machining makes various operations can be realized such as cutting, drilling, and milling. This flexibility benefits many industries including the automotive and electronics industries.
Automation
Automation is a significant advantage of 3-axis CNC machining. The CNC system automates the movement of the cutting tool. This automation can reduce human error and increase production efficiency. The continuous operation makes it available for high-volume production runs.
Limitations of 3-Axis CNC Machining
Although 3-axis CNC machining has many advantages, it still has several constraints. for example, since it can only move in three directions, multiple tool and fixture settings are required when processing parts with complex geometries.
Complexity of Designs
3-axis CNC machining has limitations in dealing with complex geometries because tool movement is along only three axes. When faced with more intricate designs, such as the components requiring undercuts or intricate internal features, 4-axis or 5-axis machining will be more suitable.
Material Constraints
Certain materials are not always well adapted to the cutting process involved. For example, harder materials may cause excessive wear out the cutting tools. If we choose specialized machines to sharpen specific material workpieces, it will increase costs.
Increased Setup Time
Every aspect of 3-axis machining needs to be precisely aligned and calibrated, which requires more setup time and somewhat compromises the efficiency of the process, especially noticeable in small batch production.
Cost
While 3-axis CNC machining is quite cost-effective in the industry, when manufacturers evaluate the total cost of ownership, they still need to consider some factors, like specialized tools or fixtures may increase the overall expense, maintenance and repair of the machine also are ongoing costs.
4-Axis CNC Machining
Additional Rotational Axis: As we all know, the tool moves along the X, Y, and Z axes in 3-axis CNC machining. In contrast, 4-axis CNC machining adds a rotational axis, known as the A-axis. This makes the workpiece rotate around the X-axis to create more complex geometries. Besides, 4-axis CNC machining reduces setup times and increases efficiency compared to 3-axis.
5-Axis CNC Machining
Increased Flexibility: The additional rotational axes of 5-axis CNC machining make it possible to create undercuts, deep cavities, and intricate internal features. Meanwhile, 5-axis CNC machining is more expensive and requires more advanced programming skills. 5-axis machines often be chosen when manufacturers work on high-value projects that require extremely high accuracy and complexity.
